A hollow memorial?

Article: Site of Colo. Indian massacre honored

By Robert Weller, Associated Press Writer
http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20070428/ap_on_re_us/sand_creek_massacre
In order to deal with dead links i shall post the article here. Its horribly long, but there isn't any other option.

SAND CREEK MASSACRE NATIONAL HISTORIC SITE, Colo. - More than 142 years after a band of state militia volunteers massacred 150 sleeping Southern Cheyenne and Arapaho Indians in a misdirected act of vengeance, a memorial to the tragic event was officially dedicated Saturday.

The Sand Creek Massacre National Historic site, located 160 miles southeast of Denver on Big Sandy Creek in Kiowa County, pays tribute to those killed in the shameful Nov. 29, 1864, attack.

Seeking revenge for the killings of several settlers by Indians, 700 militia members slaughtered nearly everyone in the village. Most were women or children.

Descendants of some of the victims were among several hundred people at Saturday's dedication on the rolling hills of the southeastern Colorado plains. A mock village of a dozen tepees was set up in a grove of cottonwood trees along the creek that historians believe marks the site of the killings.

After a prayer and a blessing for the troops in Top of FormBottom of FormIraq, members of the Cheyenne and Arapaho tribes chanted and played drums.

"It's a site of shame, but it's finally being memorialized properly," said David Halaas, a former state historian.

Eyewitness accounts of the attack include a letter from Lt. Joseph Cranmer: "A squaw ripped open and a child taken from her. Little children shot while begging for their lives."

Tribe descendants claim they can still hear the children cry when they visit the site.

"If there were any savages that day, it was not the Indian people," said former Sen. Ben Nighthorse Campbell, R-Colo., a member of the Northern Cheyenne tribe.

Campbell, who sponsored the legislation making the spot a national historic site, said he slept beside the creek Friday night "to get a picture" of what the people saw before the attack.

"I think it is the greatest testimony of the strength of a nation — that you are big enough and strong enough to acknowledge the cruelties and injuries of the past," said Patricia Limerick, chairwoman of the University of Colorado's Center of the American West and author of "Legacy of Conquest."

The attack was recognized almost immediately as criminal. Congress condemned it and President Lincoln fired territorial Gov. John Evans.

Witnesses told a congressional hearing that the victims were not hostile. Indian trader John S. Smith testified that the militia's leader, Col. John Chivington, knew the band at Sand Creek was peaceful and was not involved in the attacks on settlers.

But Chivington, a Methodist minister known as "the fighting parson," was feted by Denver residents as a hero after the raid. They were terrified that the Confederacy would use Indians as their surrogates to wage war on them.

"Among the brilliant feats of arms in Indian warfare, the recent campaign of our Colorado volunteers will stand in history with few rivals, and none to exceed it in final results," read an editorial in the Rocky Mountain News at the time.

A Civil War memorial installed at the Colorado Capitol in 1909 listed Sand Creek as a great Union victory. But a plaque was added in 2002 giving details of the massacre to set the record straight.

The Indians were camped at a site assigned to them by the Army. When the attack started, Southern Cheyenne Chief Black Kettle hurriedly hoisted a U.S. flag above his lodge, but to no avail. Black Kettle survived but was killed in an attack at Washita, Okla., in 1868 by soldiers led by Col. George Armstrong Custer.

Since some of the victims of the attack were of mixed blood — the descendants of Indians and white fur traders — whites today also have a reason to revere the memorial, Limerick said.

"There may be stories of equal anguish in our history but this is right up at the top. In a strange way, it is a basis for national pride," she said.

Reflection

Rarely can an article seem so cheery but in reality be so bleak. Although the optimist in me pointed to how the Sand Creek massacre was finally being remembered, the pessimist gestured resignedly to its superficial nature, and how it would have little effect in changing mindsets.

Too often has George Santayana been quoted, “Those who cannot remember the past are condemned to repeat it". The Sand Creek memorialisation would then be a step in the right direction. I for one was ignorant of the atrocity until I read of the dedication ceremony. That is the one thing I credit the memorial with; not only did it remind those who knew, it reached out to those who did not.

However, I am disenchanted because despite the plethora of monuments and memorials attitudes do not seem to be changing. The misjudgments made nearly one and a half centuries ago are still being made today.

First, people still fear the unknown. This though is not the main problem; it would be solved if people just bothered to inform themselves about what they so feared. The problem is that information they receive is often false or distorted, which exacerbates fear and misunderstanding. Just as the Denver residents of 1864 thought a band of women and children were warmongering savages, many modern Americans view anyone with a turban as a religious fanatic.

An even more disturbing fact is that people who know the truth choose to disregard it. Colonel John Chivington knew the Sand Creek band to be peaceful, but still ordered his troops to attack. Why? We will probably never know. What we do know is that today, ‘all Chinese own takeaways’ and ‘all blacks are immoral’ are phrases still prevalent in American life, despite them being obviously untrue.

The worst problem though is that, due partly to the above two human flaws, people wanting to assimilate themselves into society find it nigh impossible. Black Kettle was a pragmatic chief who wished to co-exist harmoniously with the white settlers but was repeatedly shortchanged. Despite complying with demands by raising an American flag over his lodge, he could not stop Chivington’s men from overrunning his camp. Such behaviour is frighteningly evident in the modern clique found everywhere, not just in America. I was part of such a group; no matter how hard a person tried to change, we would still mock and ostracise that person. The similarity is startling.

The misconceptions that caused the Sand Creek massacre still permeate the American psyche. If they are not corrected, what is in place to prevent a repeat of such a shameful chapter?

Patricia Limerick believes that “it is the greatest testimony of the strength of a nation — that you are big enough and strong enough to acknowledge the cruelties and injuries of the past”. I disagree. Acknowledgement is but the first part. The nation must then work to ensure such cruelties never happen again; that is the true mark of strength.

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